Virgin Blue Holdings Change Management

Official Summary In the ongoing past, associations have held onto change the board as a method of expanding profitability when confronted with monetary, social, mechanical, or natural challenges.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Virgin Blue Holdings Change Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More To evaluate the adequacy of progress the executives, this report dives into an examination of drivers of hierarchical change at the Virgin Blue Holdings, just as the obstructions it might look in the change the board procedure, including the administration boundary, vision hindrance, and the asset hindrance. All the more in this way, through an audit of writing, the report underscores assorted models utilized in change the executives, including procedural model, Kotter’s model, and EFQM Excellence model, with a perspective on discovering the most feasible change the board hypothesis that ought to be received by the Virgin Blue Holdings. All t hings considered, this report suggests the procedural model over other change the board models by showing its adequacy through dissecting the stages associated with the procedure. This shows a successful change the executives technique should address each stage independently, as this assists with featuring the hindrances to hierarchical change, just as to give proposal to improving the change the board procedure. This report exposes the method of reasoning behind embracing change the executives as a suitable administrative practice. Presentation Change the executives is a basic device to human asset administrators, as it convinces and empowers laborers to acknowledge new thoughts, values, innovations, procedures and organization. Change in the working environment is unavoidable as changes in ecological, innovative, financial, social, just as the legitimate components make organizations continually apply new advancements, update frameworks, and change their administration rehearses w ith an end goal to improve productivity.Advertising Looking for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This change is ordinarily confronted with numerous difficulties, and key among them incorporate realignment of HR and redeployment of capital assets (Kanter 2003, p.237). In this way, change the board is a vital procedure that encourages acknowledgment of new thoughts, values, advances, procedures, and organization, and its cooperation ought to incorporate all the staff individuals just as the partners (Saka 2003). It is from this viewpoint that the field of progress the executives has been developing throughout the years to guarantee that all workers grasp change inside the hierarchical settings. This paper will give a report working on it investigation of the â€Å"Virgin Blue Holdings† to give an educated audit regarding change the executives models and speculations and their viabil ity. It will start with breaking down the drivers of hierarchical changes and continue to assess the models and speculations important for a successful change process. Investigation Of Drivers Of Organizational Change At The Virgin Blue Holdings Despite the way that numerous associations oppose changes during the underlying stages and think that its costly to actualize, various angles compel them to roll out operational improvements. Along these lines, an association can be compelled to receive significant changes when its modifies its statement of purpose; when its items/administrations become old because of innovative variables, among different components; or when it is confronted with a hardened rivalry that must be vanquished through a merger (Gebauer, Fischer, Fleisch 2010). One of the most significant drivers of hierarchical change is when organizations neglect to accomplish money related targets. This causes them to assess their business targets and procedures in an offer to deflect the emergency. The Virgin Blue Holdings reports a 62% decrease in the net benefits, a net revenue that is underneath the objective level.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Virgin Blue Holdings Change Management explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This depicts the organization is encountering an insufficient money related execution, therefore requiring change in its business activities. The decrease can be ascribed to solid serious powers, causing it to achieve just 10% of the piece of the overall industry. What's more, since the Virgin Blue Holdings needs to accomplish an upper hand, it has been compelled to receive a move that can't be overemphasized: rebuilding its business activities to coordinate the dynamic patterns. Along these lines, outrageous rivalry is a driver to hierarchical change as it constrains a few associations to change their goals and techniques. In such manner, the Virgin Blue Holdings has made an undertaking to change its destinations and techniques by ensuring that it makes the fundamental strides that target including the corporate explorers, other than the recreation voyagers, as a component of its piece of the overall industry. Its change the board approach comes from the way that organizations that comprehend and address the ever-expanding requests of their clients are significant contenders than the organizations that disregard the rising patterns, as this lessens their odds of confronting a reducing piece of the overall industry (Gebauer, Fischer, Fleisch 2010). Besides, note that organizations ought not just adjust to authoritative changes because of mechanical developments yet additionally due to peoples’ perspectives and social conduct influencing them (Penger et al. 2007). In such manner, the Virgin Blue Holdings is required to secure a significant comprehension of the social factors that may influence efficiency of the organization by attempting to comprehend the current inter est of the workers. All the more along these lines, organizations ought to make social relations and team up with other companies’ rehearses that are in accordance with its change system. Furthermore, it is therefore that the Virgin Blue Holdings has stepped up to the plate of benchmarking its uniform with a famous style industry, which is ordinarily known as the Project Runway.Advertising Searching for report on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Moreover, when an item arrives at the finish of its item life cycle, organizations are constrained either to reduce the working expenses of the item being referred to or to present another item in the market. This is apparent in the Virgin Blue Holdings as it tries to acquaint Airbus A330 airplane with work among Sydney and Perth. This airplane is relied upon to introduce another item in the market by presenting another business class lodge and a â€Å"superior economy class.† Companies can likewise be compelled to change their administration framework as they look to reduce expenses that end up being impeding to the company’s benefit. This is ordinarily accomplished by teaming up with different organizations in the field. At this stage, a few organizations adopt the strategy of banding together with existing contenders, and this, thus, encourages basic changes to company’s business forms through groups that help to continue execution. To reduce extreme expenses, the Virgin Blue Holdings has stepped up to the plate of working together with the Skywest, and this gives it a chance of flying the Turboprop airplane to provincial courses. Be that as it may, such sort of an association is described by repetition or dangers to hierarchical culture, and this evokes authoritative changes because of contrasts radiating from disparate perspectives on the executives rehearses and social estimations of two unique organizations as they look for shared belief (Kanter 2003, p.253). Accordingly, a powerful change the board procedure is required to carry this to realization. In an offer to embrace a viable change the executives procedure, it is principal to investigate various difficulties that the Virgin Blue Holdings may look all the while. Boundaries To The Organizational Change While overseeing hierarchical changes, it is principal to set up whether the new worldview is adequate to all individuals from the group since this encourages execution of a feasi ble structure to counter the authoritative change obstructions, which incorporate the administration hindrance, vision boundary, and the asset obstruction. These obstructions exude from insufficient necessity arranging, inability to counsel the influenced individuals, and deficient preparing (Coram Burnes 2011). Along these lines, adequate legitimization and instruction ought to be set up to realign people with the new company’s heading, since the move of thinking of new vital changes may not be completely held onto by the workers just as other partner. All things considered, change specialists, which include overseeing employees’ perspectives, can help with the changing procedure regardless of the way that not all operators are recognized in change the executives. For example, while the Virgin Blue Holdings has stepped up to the plate of teaming up with Skywest, some staff individuals from the Virgin Blue Holdings may not value the move since it might raise inconvenie nce, which typically radiates from working with an association that has been considered as an opponent throughout the years. Hierarchical changes present an association with another strategic vision articulation, causing the representatives to achieve new position determinations. The representatives may will in general oppose these progressions subsequent to understanding that the move will require extra aptitudes, which they may need at the hour of the change usage (Coram Burnes 2011). In such a case, the hierarchical obstruction exudes from inability to design satisfactorily and disregarding the influenced representatives, who, thusly, influence the remainder of the workers inside the association. Furthermore, lacking preparing fills in as a hindrance to hierarchical changes. For example, numerous representatives are offered fundamental aptitudes in PC programming activity with a perspective on expanding their capability in PC tasks. Be that as it may, this doesn't

As Nature Made Him: Nature vs. Nurture Essay

The contention over nature versus sustain has kept on tormenting society by introducing cases in which we basically don’t realize which rules to apply. One of these cases is sex change. Sex change is an exceptionally enormous advance to take in a person’s life and it includes the cautious thought of numerous variables; yet it's anything but a straightforward response to an unpredictable issue, for example, hermaphroditism or even blotched circumcisions. These decisions can be troublesome on the grounds that we don’t very comprehend which components to consider given that we haven’t decided if it is nature or sustain that decides a child’s sexual personality. Until we comprehend this conundrum, individuals shouldn’t attempt to change a child’s sex before the youngster can decode their own sexual character. Nature will take care of the issue without human obstruction. Throughout the years, sex change in newborn children with questionable or distorted private parts has become increasingly well known. Frequently, be that as it may, the kid is discontent with his/her sexual task. Colapinto composes, â€Å"†¦Dr. Harry Benjamin himself, who had as of late announced that in forty-seven out of eighty-seen of his patients, he ‘could discover no proof that adolescence conditioning’ was engaged with their conviction that they were living in an inappropriate sex† (Colapinto 45). This proposes nature as opposed to sustain is the basic factor of sexual personality. Dr. John Money, a specialist at John Hopkins Hospital, was the head specialist of the world renowned John/Joan â€Å"twin case. † His speculations at the time appeared to be astutely considered at that point, however have now been demonstrated something else, clarifying why his conduction of the â€Å"twin case† was fruitless. John Colapinto clarifies that Dr. Cash acknowledged in his exploration on hermaphroditical youngsters, â€Å"the ones that were raised as young ladies were upbeat young ladies, and the ones raised as young men were glad boys†¦ It appeared to propose to him that bisexuals were brought into the world pliant in their sex† (Youtube). Be that as it may, Money rushed to sum up this perception to everybody, instead of as it were. Despite the fact that the gravely fruitless twin case was and is raised a great deal in the discussion concerning nature versus sustain, there are still researchers who accept that it is support instead of nature that decides sexual personality. These researchers despite everything have trust that there might be a response to the riddle of sexual personality. Jonis Portfolio says on sexual orientation, â€Å"It is a many-sided balance between hormones, mind work, perspectives, practices, and social expectations† (Jonis Portfolio). Colapinto just as the creators of Jonis Portfolio notice how â€Å"vehemently was â€Å"she† resolved to live in the sex of her qualities and chromosomes† (Colapinto 72). Youngsters who are conceived regularly, yet have been explicitly reassigned, normally present practices that look like the sex written in their hereditary code. The couple of special cases remain anomalies. When researchers began to jab openings in Dr. Money’s speculations, they understood that it was so outlandish to attempt to explicitly reassign a kids who were at that point predetermined commonly to be a sure sexual orientation. Jonis says, â€Å"Gender distinguishing proof is a complex issue† (Jonis Portfolio). Researchers make a decent attempt to attempt to discover an answer for this issue they rush to reach inferences and decide. Colapinto composes that the â€Å"New York Times book audit on Man versus Lady Boy versus Young lady said the book’s contention was ‘If you tell a kid he is a young lady, and raise him as one, he will need to do female things’† (Colapinto 70). Man versus Lady Boy versus Young lady is a book composed by Dr. Cash. Cash reached such a significant number of bogus inferences in his work that his speculations were untrustworthy. Notwithstanding, he was such a regarded figure in the science world that even his most stunning perspectives were upheld by many. This is the means by which his speculations became so broadly acknowledged. We know now, in any case, that he was really distant the imprint in his line of research. We know since sexual orientation task ought to be left to nature, as opposed to support, particularly was no issue with the regular sex in the first place. Over and over again, youngsters have been troubled with the assignment of getting themselves, I. e. finding their sexual personality. On the off chance that specialists and researchers keep on entangling children’s lives by endeavoring to change who these youngsters were bound to be, they will begin to lose themselves. This is at last what occurred in the John/Joan situation where David Reimer, which was John/Joan’s genuine name, when he ended his own life. Sustain might be a factor in sexual character, however explore proposes that nature is a considerably more grounded factor. Researchers and specialists shouldn’t meddle with nature since all things considered, this single factor will radiate through the breaks. Reference index Colapinto, John. As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl. New York: HarperCollins, 2000. Print. As Nature Made Him by John Colapinto was distributed in 2000 to give perusers a full comprehension of the John/Joan twin case in which a naturally brought into the world male was explicitly reassigned a young lady because of a blotched circumcision. Colapinto depicts in incredible detail all parts of the case and how terribly wrong it went. He elaborates research and uses interviews from direct sources so as to clarify the case intelligibly for perusers. This book is the fundamental hotspot for this exposition as it portrays so fervently the case from all points. It contends principally how nature over support is the fundamental factor in deciding sexual character. â€Å"Jonisportfolio †Sexual Reassignment and Gender Roles Nature VS Nurture. † Jonisportfolio †Sexual Reassignment and Gender Roles Nature VS Nurture. N. p. , n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. . This portfolio was distributed online by Jonis Portfolio to perceive and contend the issue of nature versus support and its anxiety with sexual personality. It depicts numerous situations where organically conceived guys who were raised as females so eagerly were resolved to be guys. It depicts nature as a main factor over sustain for deciding sexual character. It’s supportive to this exposition since it presents some significant contentions concerning the matter of nature versus sustain. It even portrays the John/Joan case and what occurred there. YouTube. Nudge. Allan Gregg. Perf. Allan Gregg and John Colapinto. YouTube. YouTube, 04 June 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. . This video is a meeting with John Colapinto done by Allan Gregg. Colapinto is the author of As Nature Made Him and in this meeting he is depicting to watchers the twin case, or the John/Joan case. David Reimer, John/Joan himself, couldn’t do the meeting on the grounds that shockingly he took his own life in 2002. This source is useful in light of the fact that it is a short recap of the book and watchers may comprehend it better than they would while finding out about it.

How to Draft a Lesson Plan in 6 Steps

The most effective method to Draft a Lesson Plan in 6 Steps Before understudies plan an exercise, they have to initially distinguish the learning destinations for the class meeting for which they are arranging, so they can structure successful learning exercises and make procedures for achieving these targets. For those considering training, figuring out how to compose an exercise plan is a pivotal aptitude since it will fill in as a roadmapâ for what their future understudies should get the hang of during class time. Step by step instructions to SAVE MONEY IN COLLEGE Before they plan an exercise, the understudies need to initially recognize the learning goals for the class meeting for which they are arranging, so they can structure powerful learning exercises and make procedures for achieving these destinations. Beneath you will discover 6 stages to follow in the event that you need to compose a fruitful exercise plan. Stage 1 Layout the goals. This assists with figuring out what the understudies need to learn or achieve before the finish of class. Responding to these inquiries decides a teacher’s targets: What is the subject of the exercise? Would could it be that I need understudies to comprehend or have the option to do before the finish of the class? What do the understudies need to gain from this exercise? What are the most significant ideas, thoughts, and aptitudes the understudies need to get a handle on and apply? Stage 2 Build up an intriguing presentation. On the off chance that conceivable, start with an inquiry or movement to draw in the students’ consideration, in light of the fact that an innovative presentation can animate their brains and support thinking. An assortment of approaches can be utilized to achieve this: an individual account, recorded occasion, intriguing predicament, a true model, short video cuts, a testing question, and so forth. One making a prologue to an exercise plan might need to think about these inquiries: Is there an approach to check if understudies know about the point? What could be these assumptions about this topic?â How might I present this point? Stage 3 Plan learning exercises. There are a few different ways of passing on topic and showing a thing or two to understudies â€, for example, utilizing genuine models, analogies, and surely visuals. As these exercises are being arranged, one should evaluate how much time they should spend on every movement with the goal that each target will be cultivated. Likewise, it assists with working in additional time in the event that a clarification or conversation is required. The accompanying inquiries will assist one with figuring out which exercises are best for their exercise: By what means can I most viably clarify the topic?â What are the most innovative, viable ways for me to best pass on the point to my understudies? In what capacity can this subject be engaging?â What can be joined into the exercise to support the understudies? What do the understudies need to do to genuinely get a handle on the theme? Stage 4 Decide how to check for comprehension †to check whether the understudies realized what the exercise set out to instruct. Making explicit inquiries, also foreseeing the proper reactions to them, either orally or recorded as a hard copy, is a powerful method to affirm students’ understanding. Stage 5 Build up a decision and a see. A viable end ought to sum up the focuses canvassed in class and furthermore review what will be shrouded in the following exercise †possibly clarifying how this exercise identifies with the following. Stage 6 Make a practical timetable. Gauge how much time every movement will take, and plan additional time for each. Likewise, plan only a couple of moments toward the finish of theâ class to go over revealed focuses or points that might not have been comprehended by the understudies. Summarize the key focuses. Arranging YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT In the event that you study instruction and need to draft an arrangement for an exercise the above data will be very helpful to peruse and follow. In the event that you lack the capacity to deal with composing an all around organized exercise plan you may illuminate us about your task or put in a request on our site.

Sinlessness of Christ Research Paper - 1375 Words

Sinlessness of Christ (Research Paper Sample) Content: Sinlessness of Christ"BYAnnotated BibliographyTutor:Institution:Department of Religion and TheologyDate:Christ is God prior to the manifestation, and God can not sin, subsequently Christ cannot sin whilst he is persuaded as a man. While a man would have a variable will with burden to sin and God cannot be capricious or sin, thus Christ the man may well not furthermore be God. Theologians establish merely that since Christ was the divine Lord, it was rationally impossible for Christ to sin.1Jacques Dupuis, Who Do You Say I Am? An Introduction to Christology (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1994), 129: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Tertullian (ca. 155-220) claims that the normally sinful humankind was emptied of sin when taken by Christ so that his sinless transformed human race. That explains Christ initial status of sinlessness as a man. Tertullian in a different set affirms the idea that Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s sinlessness is supported by his deity, enlightening that just as God only is without sin, therefore as well Christ is the barely the man without sin.2 For Tertullian, Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s sinlessness is an entailment of his goddess, and no other clarification than this is known for how Jesus prolong sinless.Tertullian. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡De Anima.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Edited by J. H. Waszink. Amsterdam: J. M. Meulenhoff, 1947.`Augustine (354-430) signifies in his model with a comprehensible declaration inhis discourse on the temptations that Jesus undergoes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡That Christ was the vanquisher there, why must we be shocked? Christ was almighty God.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬3 Augustine in addition insist that the sinlessness of Christ as a man was basis of his extraordinary constitution, since Christ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡is in His character not a man only, but as well God, in whom humankind could prove such rightness of nature to have subsisted.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬4 yet again, the plain logic of the sculpt shows in the association between the immaculateness of God the Son and the sinless human deed of Jesus Christ as a straight consequence.Augustine. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡2 Enarr.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Psalmo 32. In Enarrationes in Psalmos Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬L. Edited by E. Eligius Dekkers and Johannes Fraipont. Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 38:247-73. Turnhout: Brepols, 1956.The holiness in Christ overlooks his humanity, strengthening and deifying it by natural individual weaknesses. Temptations by no means threaten Christ, just as a piece of heated iron cannot declare cold because of its union to the fire. The universal principle of essential sinlessness is clear as the praise of Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ humanity by changing in union to his religion, making deiform compassion. Cyril of Alexandria (378-444) present many illustration of the deification sculpt due of his stereological anxiety for the divinization of a entire humanity in Christ, comparable to the Cappadociaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s and Athanasius. Cyril explains about the necessitate for worship of Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s humanity in connection to sin: à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡As God aspiration to create that flesh which was seized in the grip of death and sin evidently superior to death and sin.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ This illustration fits the sculpt closely by establishing that the divine character of the Logos increase his hidden humanity to formulate it impeccable by life. Cyril maintain that Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ impeccability as a man who is not obligated to sin as others are, and that his persuasion were given by Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s love for the sake of other humans who are tempted and need to know how to resist these dangers.5 Cyril states that the union of the heavenly nature with the human nature in Christ was a transformation that he likens to dyeing cloth: the Logos effectively immersed his human soul in divine immutability as wool that is set in a bath of dye.6 The purpose of this deification was to make the humanity of Christ more powerful than sin by means of the divine immutability. In light of this view of Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s humanity as enhanced by his deity to be impeccable, Cyril was shocked to hear that some people thought sin was a possibility for Jesus, since it was so obvious from his sinlessness that no danger existed for him in being tempted to sin.8 Instead of peccability, Cyrilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s view was that salvation required that Christ be impeccable, and he explained it in terms of what we have summarized as the model, sinless by deification.Cyril of Alexandria. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Adversus Anthropomorphitas.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia. Edited by J. Auberti and rev. J.- P. Migne. Patrologia Graeca 76:1065-132. Paris: J.-P. Migne,The divine hegemony model explains Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s impeccability and temptation as the predominance of his deity over his humanity. The earliest theologian to suggest this model is Irenaeus of Lyons (130-200). He insists on the divine use of the assumed humanity in an instrumental way, which fits his view of Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ whole life as a redemptive recapitulation as the second Adam.7 Irenaeus opposes the Gnosticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ docetic conceptions of Christ to argue instead for the likeness of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡the Lordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s fleshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡our flesh.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬8 This claim of the essential likeness suggests that Irenaeus also opposes the idea that Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s humanity was deiform. Irenaeus affirms Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ sinlessness without setting that moral achievement as a marker of his natural difference from the rest of sinful humanity. In his view, the Logos aided Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s assumed humanity to conquer his temptations to sin. Irenaeus writes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡The Logos continued quiescent throughout the process of death, crucifixion and temptation, but aided the human nature when it subjugated, and endured, and performed actions of kindness, and ascended again from the dead, and was accepted up into heaven.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬9 The model shows in Irenaeusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s insistence on Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s human victory that reve rses the human defeat of Adam. Jesus obeys the law as a man, and answers Satanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s temptations in the wilderness through nothing else but by quoting Scripture, thus demonstrating the example for others to follow.Irenaeus. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Adversus haereses.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Contra haereses libri quinque Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologia Graeca 7:433-1221. Paris: J.-P. Migne, 1857.Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 352-428) agrees with most others that Christ was impeccable and immutable as a man, but he uniquely holds that Christ did not become so until after the resurrection when the Logos predominated over his humanity. Before the resurrection, Christ needed the empowering grace from the Holy Spirit to resist temptations and struggle for moral virtue; as Theodore says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Christ had need of the Spirit in order to defeat the devil, to perform miracles and to receive (divine) instruction as to the activities he should undertake.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬10 Theodore continues to assert that if Christ did not need this help of divine grace , then the indwelling of the Holy Spirit was superfluous for him. In keeping with Acts 2:22 and 10:38, Theodore sees a necessary role for the Holy Spirit in Christ; he explains that other theologians have overlooked this role because an acknowledgment seemed to imply that the Holy Spirit was greater than the Logos. Theodore affirms that by grace the Logos always kept the assumed man from sin, but this enrichment of impeccability is in the background and not an active factor in Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s achievement of sinlessness until the resurrection. Accordingly, 11Theodore emphasizes that in the wilderness temptations Jesus had to struggle as a man, not as God, and is therefore an example for others:Theodore of Mopsuestia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡De Incarnatione.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologia Graeca 66:969-90. Paris: J.-P. Migne, 1859.... Sinlessness of Christ Research Paper - 1375 Words Sinlessness of Christ (Research Paper Sample) Content: Sinlessness of Christ"BYAnnotated BibliographyTutor:Institution:Department of Religion and TheologyDate:Christ is God prior to the manifestation, and God can not sin, subsequently Christ cannot sin whilst he is persuaded as a man. While a man would have a variable will with burden to sin and God cannot be capricious or sin, thus Christ the man may well not furthermore be God. Theologians establish merely that since Christ was the divine Lord, it was rationally impossible for Christ to sin.1Jacques Dupuis, Who Do You Say I Am? An Introduction to Christology (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1994), 129: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Tertullian (ca. 155-220) claims that the normally sinful humankind was emptied of sin when taken by Christ so that his sinless transformed human race. That explains Christ initial status of sinlessness as a man. Tertullian in a different set affirms the idea that Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s sinlessness is supported by his deity, enlightening that just as God only is without sin, therefore as well Christ is the barely the man without sin.2 For Tertullian, Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s sinlessness is an entailment of his goddess, and no other clarification than this is known for how Jesus prolong sinless.Tertullian. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡De Anima.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Edited by J. H. Waszink. Amsterdam: J. M. Meulenhoff, 1947.`Augustine (354-430) signifies in his model with a comprehensible declaration inhis discourse on the temptations that Jesus undergoes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡That Christ was the vanquisher there, why must we be shocked? Christ was almighty God.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬3 Augustine in addition insist that the sinlessness of Christ as a man was basis of his extraordinary constitution, since Christ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡is in His character not a man only, but as well God, in whom humankind could prove such rightness of nature to have subsisted.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬4 yet again, the plain logic of the sculpt shows in the association between the immaculateness of God the Son and the sinless human deed of Jesus Christ as a straight consequence.Augustine. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡2 Enarr.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Psalmo 32. In Enarrationes in Psalmos Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬L. Edited by E. Eligius Dekkers and Johannes Fraipont. Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 38:247-73. Turnhout: Brepols, 1956.The holiness in Christ overlooks his humanity, strengthening and deifying it by natural individual weaknesses. Temptations by no means threaten Christ, just as a piece of heated iron cannot declare cold because of its union to the fire. The universal principle of essential sinlessness is clear as the praise of Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ humanity by changing in union to his religion, making deiform compassion. Cyril of Alexandria (378-444) present many illustration of the deification sculpt due of his stereological anxiety for the divinization of a entire humanity in Christ, comparable to the Cappadociaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s and Athanasius. Cyril explains about the necessitate for worship of Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s humanity in connection to sin: à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡As God aspiration to create that flesh which was seized in the grip of death and sin evidently superior to death and sin.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ This illustration fits the sculpt closely by establishing that the divine character of the Logos increase his hidden humanity to formulate it impeccable by life. Cyril maintain that Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ impeccability as a man who is not obligated to sin as others are, and that his persuasion were given by Godà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s love for the sake of other humans who are tempted and need to know how to resist these dangers.5 Cyril states that the union of the heavenly nature with the human nature in Christ was a transformation that he likens to dyeing cloth: the Logos effectively immersed his human soul in divine immutability as wool that is set in a bath of dye.6 The purpose of this deification was to make the humanity of Christ more powerful than sin by means of the divine immutability. In light of this view of Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s humanity as enhanced by his deity to be impeccable, Cyril was shocked to hear that some people thought sin was a possibility for Jesus, since it was so obvious from his sinlessness that no danger existed for him in being tempted to sin.8 Instead of peccability, Cyrilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s view was that salvation required that Christ be impeccable, and he explained it in terms of what we have summarized as the model, sinless by deification.Cyril of Alexandria. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Adversus Anthropomorphitas.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia. Edited by J. Auberti and rev. J.- P. Migne. Patrologia Graeca 76:1065-132. Paris: J.-P. Migne,The divine hegemony model explains Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s impeccability and temptation as the predominance of his deity over his humanity. The earliest theologian to suggest this model is Irenaeus of Lyons (130-200). He insists on the divine use of the assumed humanity in an instrumental way, which fits his view of Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ whole life as a redemptive recapitulation as the second Adam.7 Irenaeus opposes the Gnosticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ docetic conceptions of Christ to argue instead for the likeness of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡the Lordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s fleshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡our flesh.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬8 This claim of the essential likeness suggests that Irenaeus also opposes the idea that Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s humanity was deiform. Irenaeus affirms Jesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ sinlessness without setting that moral achievement as a marker of his natural difference from the rest of sinful humanity. In his view, the Logos aided Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s assumed humanity to conquer his temptations to sin. Irenaeus writes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡The Logos continued quiescent throughout the process of death, crucifixion and temptation, but aided the human nature when it subjugated, and endured, and performed actions of kindness, and ascended again from the dead, and was accepted up into heaven.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬9 The model shows in Irenaeusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s insistence on Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s human victory that reve rses the human defeat of Adam. Jesus obeys the law as a man, and answers Satanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s temptations in the wilderness through nothing else but by quoting Scripture, thus demonstrating the example for others to follow.Irenaeus. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Adversus haereses.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Contra haereses libri quinque Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologia Graeca 7:433-1221. Paris: J.-P. Migne, 1857.Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 352-428) agrees with most others that Christ was impeccable and immutable as a man, but he uniquely holds that Christ did not become so until after the resurrection when the Logos predominated over his humanity. Before the resurrection, Christ needed the empowering grace from the Holy Spirit to resist temptations and struggle for moral virtue; as Theodore says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Christ had need of the Spirit in order to defeat the devil, to perform miracles and to receive (divine) instruction as to the activities he should undertake.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬10 Theodore continues to assert that if Christ did not need this help of divine grace , then the indwelling of the Holy Spirit was superfluous for him. In keeping with Acts 2:22 and 10:38, Theodore sees a necessary role for the Holy Spirit in Christ; he explains that other theologians have overlooked this role because an acknowledgment seemed to imply that the Holy Spirit was greater than the Logos. Theodore affirms that by grace the Logos always kept the assumed man from sin, but this enrichment of impeccability is in the background and not an active factor in Christà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s achievement of sinlessness until the resurrection. Accordingly, 11Theodore emphasizes that in the wilderness temptations Jesus had to struggle as a man, not as God, and is therefore an example for others:Theodore of Mopsuestia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡De Incarnatione.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologia Graeca 66:969-90. Paris: J.-P. Migne, 1859....

Alioramus - Facts and Figures

Name: Alioramus (Greek for different branch); pronounced AH-lee-oh-RAY-muss Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and 500-1,000 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Moderate size; numerous teeth; bony crests on snout About Alioramus An awful lot has been abstracted about Alioramus ever since a single, incomplete skull was discovered in Mongolia in 1976. Paleontologists believe this dinosaur was a medium-sized tyrannosaur closely related to another Asian meat-eater, Tarbosaurus, from which it differed in both its size and in the distinctive crests running along its snout. As with many dinosaurs reconstructed from partial fossil specimens, though, not everyone agrees that Alioramus was all that its cracked up to be. Some paleontologists maintain that the fossil specimen belonged to a juvenile Tarbosaurus, or perhaps was not left by a tyrannosaur at all but by an entirely different kind of meat-eating theropod (hence this dinosaurs name, Greek for different branch). A recent analysis of a second Alioramus specimen, discovered in 2009, indicates that this dinosaur was even more bizarre than previously thought. It turns out that this presumed tyrannosaur sported a row of five crests on the front of its snout, each about five inches long and less than an inch high, the purpose of which is still a mystery (the most likely explanation is that they were a sexually selected characteristic--that is, males with bigger, more prominent crests were more attractive to females during mating season--since these growths would have been completely useless as an offensive or defensive weapon). These same bumps are also seen, albeit in muted form, on some specimens of Tarbosaurus, yet more evidence that these may have been one and the same dinosaur.

Influence Of Confucianism On Korean Traditions - 1369 Words

Socio-philosophical structures have strong effect on traditions: Case of influence of Confucianism on Korean traditions As history goes by the world structure, politics, and economy changes from decade to decade, however traditions, customs and culture of different countries remain almost untouched. Culture therefore is a highly important aspect to the society and individuals (Oatey, 2012). Culture of any society includes traditions, customs, rituals and events flourished by certain society. As a part of culture traditions in originated in ancient times and determined by public and private life of individuals. They implied teachings, moral and aesthetic norms, rules and skills of house dwelling and raising children methods. The stability†¦show more content†¦First of all it is necessary to figure out what Confucian philosophy is all about. Confucianism is philosophy that dates back to the VI century BC and carries an ethical and political character (McDevitt, 2007). It impli es the ideas related to the issues of morality, family and ways of effective governance. Confucian is widespread in China and countries that had a cultural exchange with China. So, along with the monuments of written Chinese came to Korea and Confucianism. According to Confucian teachings, one of the main components of society is the family, where individual learns the language, culture and religion (Yao, 2000). For centuries, men had greater power than women had. This patriarchal family regime remains same in many countries nowadays as well as in Korea (Sleziak, 2013). In ancient Korea, main unit of society was the â€Å"clan† that consisted of couple of families having same parents and grandparents through male line. The preference thus was given to men. Families followed Confucian orders that youngsters should unconditionally obey to the elders. More than that, Confucian scholars argued that a person could learn important thing from family only. Only in the family person c ould gain such important qualities as love of the country and a sense of justice necessary for service to the state (Yao, 2000). However, this obey lessons did not relate to families only- they

International Of Entrepreneurial Venturing â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Of Entrepreneurial Venturing? Answer: Introduction The aim of this current assignment is to provide a biographical Overview of Nick Molnar, who is currently one of the famous and popular entrepreneurs in Australia. In the year 2014, he established the organization of Afterpay, which is the famous E-Commerce business firm, offering innovative payment to the customers that can help them to buy online products. Nick is also currently the CEO of Afterpay. The Current report will discuss the social and educational background of Nick Molnar along with his entrepreneur traits. It will also focus on the opportunities that are developed due to his business ideas along with the competitive advantage that can be gained due to the same. Finally, recommendations are also provided that can help to improve upon the business ideas that are developed by his Entrepreneurship traits. Background of the entrepreneur Nick Molnar is a young 27-year old entrepreneur with extensive experience in online retailing. He is the CEO and co-founder of Afterpay Holdings Limited, which is an Australian retail payment gateway and one of the fastest growing companies. It facilitates bridging between retail margins and their customers by offering them a new buy take now and pay later service. It does not require any end-customer by making them enter into an upfront fees payment, traditional loan system or interests. It is a new payment system where shoppers can buy now and can pay over months. Currently, after pay has a million customers and retail merchants over 5000. It is listed on the Australian securities exchange in the year 2016 (van Weele et al. 2014). Before he established after pay, he launched an American online jeweller website under the local brand name of iceonline.com.au in Australia. His family has been in the jewellery industry for past 30 years in Australia, and therefore he was able to combine the knowledge of local product with online marketing for exploiting the gap in the market. He successfully grew this business in Australia and became the largest online watch and jewellery retailer. He has also worked at the venture capital as an investment analyst where he was responsible for the investments in the growth stage. During his journey with after pay, he discovered the way to find a niche. Later on, he could commercially develop the business. The concept of buy now-pay later is famous among the Australian customers and retailers. He developed a world-class team who invest genuinely and share the company's vision and views. He is a leading businessperson and listen to your customers and provide exceptional customer services which have helped him to evolve and innovative his business. Moreover, Australia offered him many opportunities that helped him to follow his path to success and to become one of the youngest entrepreneurs (Hendrickson et al. 2015). Entrepreneurial traits In the fast-paced Australian business, it is not easy to build an empire from the ground and efficient and faster route to success; however, Nick Molnar skyrocketed in his career from jeweller selling to become the managing director of ice online. He has the perfect skill for doing a successful business in this digital age and listens to the customers and put their interests first. He can take a risk and gain knowledge and experience from them he got an opportunity while working in his jeweller business store and from where he emerged as a successful businessman, followed his path and finally established Afterpay. Nick Molnar entrepreneurial traits can be explored through the length of trait theory. There are five characteristics of an entrepreneur. While exploring Nick Molnars Leadership traits,he has the propensity to take risks, self-efficacious and have an internal locus of control. When these traits combine, it becomes a person system fit concept (Cavusgil and Knight 2015). According to the trait theory of entrepreneurship, he has developed specific traits, which have helped him to generate new ideas and create new Ventures. He has taken the risk to establish Afterpay and predicted the future, which is efficient farsightedness. This is the most important trait of an entrepreneur. He has the classical trait of tolerance of ambiguity where he will stand the fear of potential failure and uncertainty in his business. In the past growing world business, he has the vision to identify the overlook dishes and put them in front of emerging fields and innovation He had self-belief that made him establish the concept of buying now pay later after Pal which shows self-confidence as another entrepreneur iterate in him. He has changed his business strategies according to the changing days and conditions of the market which makes him a flexible entrepreneur who depends on adaptation. Concisely he has started a business that has broken the rules And became a successful young businessman in Australian retailing. Opportunity recognition and idea development process In the current days, The E-Commerce form of business is gaining huge popularity among the population in Australia. This is mainly because the ecommerce platforms provide the customer opportunity to choose from a wide variety of products. With the advancement of digital technology, the popularity of e-commerce business is rising among the society of Australia. With the rise of popularity of e-commerce business, the tendency of people using the online payment forms is increasing (Davidsson et al. 2011). The online payment is made with the help of credit and debit cards. The business organization like Afterpay is providing Opportunity to the customer to make payment for the desired products after the purchase is done through instalments mode. The service that is provided by Afterpay has been linked with all major online stores. The major advantage of using this service compared to another form of financial loans is because Afterpay helps to provide instant approval for the credit amount (Schaper et al. 2014). The customers are getting an opportunity to pay through instalment methods, which is increasing the sales of all types of the products. One of the major opportunities for this type of business is because they can increase the total sales of the online retails. The Afterpay Company has form partnership with all types of online retail stores, which has allowed them to raise the popularity of the business. The online retail stores are also acting as promotional partners of Afterpay. The major opportunity for the company comes from the use of theory of digital marketing, which is highly effective in context of the modern day business. They are also offering credit loans for buying online product category low-interest rate compared to banks and other financial institutes (Wood and Davidson 2011). The increase in the total number of online retail stores in the Australian consumer market is also providing new business opportunities for Afterpay. With the introduction of the financial assistance service of Afterpay, it has the ability to change the way consumers purchase product of different categories from online retail stores. The ability of the Company to merge with all other forms of business is providing them with the opportunity to expand the forms of business. It is also relevant to say that due to the financial assistance service introduced by Afterpay, they can expand the business of other brands. Hence, the company is also acting as mediator to enhance the sales of products of other brands. This can provide the company with the opportunity to claim some share of the profit that is earned by other brands with the assistance of Afterpay payment gateway. Hence, the idea of Financial Service that is introduced by Nick Molnar have the opportunity to make the huge profit with the help of Partnership that is formed with all types of online stores and retailers along with repeated brands of popular products that are used by the consumers of Australia (Davidsson and Steffens 2011). Competitive advantages One of the major competitive advantages of Afterpay compared to other financial organization or banks of Australia is due to the fact that they are able to provide easy credit loans to the customer for buying all types of products. The company also charges very less accounting of interest rates compared to other loan providers in Australia. The overall process of getting loan approval from Afterpay is also one of the major competitive advantages because they are providing instant approval with very less amount of official documents required in the form of credit or debit card (Klyver and Bager 2012). With the help of excellent business skills of Nick Molnar, it is possible for him to form the business partnership with all major brands that are available in the online retail stores. This is also one of the major competitive advantages of Afterpay. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the calculated risk-taking ability along with the effective Entrepreneurship traits of Nick Molnar has helped him to establish Afterpay and take the company to a popular position in the market. It is recommended for Nick Molnar and his company Afterpay to make use of the opportunity of digital marketing that can help to raise the popularity of the brand. It is also important for the company to make the rapid and fast change in the business policies that will help them to sustain in the market. Reference Cavusgil, S.T. and Knight, G., 2015. The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1), pp.3-16. Davidsson, P. and Steffens, P., 2011. Comprehensive Australian Study of Entrepreneurial management (CAUSEE): project presentation and early results. In New Business Creation (pp. 27-51). Springer New York. Davidsson, P., Steffens, P. and Gordon, S.R., 2011. Comprehensive Australian Study of Entrepreneurial Emergence (CAUSEE): design, data collection and descriptive results. Handbook of research on new venture creation, pp.216-250. Hendrickson, L., Bucifal, S., Balaguer, A. and Hansell, D., 2015. The employment dynamics of Australian entrepreneurship. Research Paper, 4, p.2015. Klyver, K. and Bager, T.E., 2012. Entrepreneurship policy as institutionalised and powerful myths. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing. Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014. Entrepreneurship and small business. van Weele, M.A., Steinz, H.J. and Van Rijnsoever, F.J., 2014. Start-ups down under: How start-up communities facilitate Australian entrepreneurship. In Paper to be presented at the DRUID Conference (pp. 16-18). Wood, G.J. and Davidson, M.J., 2011. A review of male and female Australian indigenous entrepreneurs: Disadvantaged pastpromising future?. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 26(4), pp.311-326.

Need Potential Of Ireland Essays - Island Countries, Northern Europe

Need Potential Of Ireland Need Potential of Ireland The population of Ireland in 1998 was estimated to be 3,626,952. Included in this population were 1,800,232 males and 1,826,720 females. Ireland's population has been steadily increasing over the past ten years and is expected to grow at the same steady rate for the next five years. The increase in population has been attributed the increase in birthrate. The ratio of men to woman has made a tremendous change from year to year. Until 1996 the male population had been the greater of the two. Since 1996, the female population has dominated. In analyzing the population by age groups we find that we find that 40percent (the largest group) fall in between the ages of twenty and forty-four while 35percent are under the age of twenty and 25percent are over the age of forty-four. In taking a closer look, we find than an even smaller portion of people is over the age of sixty. This leads us to the conclusion that not many people in Ireland live over the age of sixty. Even though most of the people are Roman Catholics, there is a small Protestant minority. Throughout the Republic of Ireland freedom of worship is guaranteed. Ireland consists of central sections of lowlands, characterized by bogs and lakes and surrounded by low mountain rages that form a barrier between the lolands ad the perphery of the island. Carrantuohill (1041 miles ofbove sea level) in the McGillicuddy Reeks, a mountain range in the southwest, is the highest point on the island. The principle rivers of Ireland are the Erne and the Shannon. Ireland's economy was traditionally agricultrual until the middle 1950s when its industrial base expanded. Construction, mining, public utilities, and manufacturing now account for approximately 36 percent of the gross domestic product. Manufacturing is diversified and mining has an expanding role in the Irish econonmy as new discoveries of mineral deposits have increased mine production. Coal, lead, and zinc are very important. Agriculture is now only at 10 percent. Raising animals is the most important part of Ireland's agricultural. The major animal families being raised include cattle, sheep, hogs, horses, and poultry. Ireland principle crops are oats, barley, wheat, and potatoes. Ireland's economy is also attributed to the expanding of the country's fishing industry. Lobsters, prawns, oyesters, crawfish, and periwinkles form the bulk of the country's seafood exports. Sociology Issues

Brechtian Techniques Used in Drama Essays

Brechtian Techniques Used in Drama Essays Brechtian Techniques Used in Drama Paper Brechtian Techniques Used in Drama Paper How I have used Brecht techniques and style in my performance. In my performance, my group and I have used an array of Brechtian techniques and styles to create a stylised and tasteful performance. Some of these techniques are necessary for a Brechtian piece, such as the use of gestus, play building and alienation. Some other Brechtian techniques such as the use of spazz, songs/music, montage and placards help create a greater meaning in the performance. When my group and I started our performance, we first had to come up with a strong and clear gestus. We did this by looking in the newspaper – we found many articles about young people inflicting harm on each other and juveniles involved in serious crimes. This topic struck us as a current issue that we could relate to and that we understood. We discussed this further until we all agreed that we would create a play built performance based upon how society has created the monster that is generation Y. We used this as motivation for all the other scenes or episodes that would be supporting our gestus. The play building process has been severely vital in the construction of our performance. As we improvised each idea, it was a process of trial and error to see which episodes would be included into the performance. Improvisation played a big part in the play building process because a lot of our best ideas have come from acting on impulse, and have steered us into new, sophisticated directions. Each scene we develop, the group had to take the technique of alienation into great consideration. It is so easy to forget this factor, which is absolutely vital in a Brechtian performance. After we finished or developed a scene, we all discussed how we could make the audience feel more alienated. An example of this is in our first scene when the scientist is directly addressing and talking to the audience. It makes each audience remember that they are watching a performance and it ensures that they don’t get caught up in the characters or that specific scene. This is important because the audience has to look at the bigger picture instead of getting attached to the story. To reinforce our gestus and help the audience clearly understand what we are saying, each actor in our group is wearing a nametag, such as â€Å"GEN X† or â€Å"SOCIETY†, so the audience understands our symbolism without having to think too much about it. We also are using placards for each scene to outline what we are trying to say in each episode. By getting a member of the group to change the placard, this also alienates the audience by breaking down the â€Å"4th wall†. A significant technique we have used is spazz. By displaying a scene, which is serious, and then suddenly breaking out into comical movement and dialogue, this breaks the serious moment and also helps in breaking the 4th wall. Songs and music go well with spazz. In one of our scenes, the scientist is talking to the audience about serious matters with the generations, and then each generation breaks into a comical satire song, mocking The Brady Bunch. We have combined spazz and music for this to create a fast paced performance. It is important not to have a slow and clunky performance otherwise the audience could get bored and confused about the gestus. To avoid a possibly slow performance, we have used montage. Montage also adds to making it a fast paced performance and also makes the audience think about what is being said. We contrast different war images from different wars against each other. We made sure that these images were very clear so the audience would not have try and understand what we are saying. To assist this, we are using projection and projecting the image behind us. Brecht used placards in his performances; in a way projection is a modern version of placards. It will assist us a great deal in our performance and will engage the audience. Brecht techniques have helped myself and my group in preparing and performing our piece. By using these techniques, it has assisted us in searching for a deeper meaning when creating a performance and made us think about how we can use drama to get a message across to the audience.

Weekly journal week4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weekly journal week4 - Essay Example This gave me a lot of freedom to be myself and also paved the way for me to work independently and under very little supervision. Generally, the day was very successful as I was able to communicate well with the customers on issues that the management wanted given to them. DESCRIPTIVE: On the second day, I was made to work with the customers yet again as I was assigned the role of customer relations strategist. What this role meant was that I was supposed to suggest practical ways in which the company could increase its customer base. REFLECTIVE: A unique feature of the day’s role was that I was given the freedom to come out with my own strategy on finding out what the customers expected from the company and how this could be achieved to ensure that we built faith with the customers and in turn enhanced our services to them. This was a challenging task but having worked as a PR for the company, I was offered the opportunity to identify a lot of these ways by which we could win the hearts of customers. In confirming my ideas, I designed a simple questionnaire, which I gave out to customers who visited the company premises. They indicated their desired service treat and these were coded and forwarded to the administration. DESCRIPTIVE: The third day saw a repeat of what was started on the second day. This means that I was made to act as a customer relations strategists again. What I did differently from the previous day was basically to collect feedback from the questionnaire that was instituted the day before. REFLECTIVE: This day did not start as challenging as the previous day because I had held the same position before. New customers were given new questionnaire as old one’s were forwarded to the management. There was a brief meeting with the management to discuss ways of implementing the suggestions. The finance and budget officer was in the meeting to budget for

Physical Activity and Academic Performance Essay

Physical Activity and Academic Performance - Essay Example As social psychology is the study of human behaviour in social contexts, much of the investigation into the factors that contribute to exercise and sport behavior, and the understanding of the relationships among these factors have been conducted by applying theoretical approaches from social psychology (Biddle and Nigg, 2000). This sociological approach to social psychology examines the effects of personal experience, meanings, language, culture, ideology, and the material or physical environment on the 'lived experience' of individuals in those contexts and, in particular, their relationships with others. The key unit of analysis in this approach tends to be representations, stereotypes, and cultural images and how they relate to people's construction and interpretation of the meaning they attribute to themselves and others on the basis of these broad social influences (Biddle and Mutrie, 2001). Many prominent athletes and coaches believe that although sport is played with the body, it is won in the mind. If psychological intervention improves physical performance, there can also be possibility that physical activity could also improve mental performance. This gives rise to the question as to whether regular physical activity improves mental performance and related academic achievements in academic settings including those for young learners. This question has validity from the social perspectives since if relevant evidence can be gleaned from the research articles; this can generate a means to improve academic achievement through promotion of regular physical activities including sports in the academic settings (Bodin and Hartig, 2003). Research Hypotheses In recent years, a great deal of research evidence has accumulated to show that regular physical activity is associated with a range of physical and mental health benefits (Mutrie, 2002). Despite this suggestion and many circumspective evidences, there is reluctance to take up physical activity in the academic settings and even of started, there are problems in maintaining it. Data suggest most adult populations do not engage themselves in regular physical activities, and even if they begin, they do not continue or pursue exercise on a regular basis. These suggest not only that lack of physical inactivity is a growing concern for many communities but also that intervention campaigns are required to promote exercise initiation and adherence (Marcus and Forsyth, 2003). It has been observed that interventions of this magnitude present with formidable barriers. Implementation of these need behavior changes, since it is frequent finding that despite feeling refreshed or invigorated follow ing exercise, many fail to continue to it. On the contrary their effects on young school going population had been inadequately researched. It is pertinent to consider that behavioral interventions can best be begun early on, and thus it would be worthwhile to find evidence whether physical exercise could be

Tuberculosis & Antibiotic resistance Essay Example for Free

Tuberculosis Antibiotic resistance Essay Tuberculosis (TB), also known as consumption, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TB is the leading cause of death in the world among reported deaths caused by a bacterial infectious disease. The disease affects 1.8 billion people per year, which is equal to one-third of the entire world population (Todar). Pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for the majority of the TB cases in the United States (Todar). Bovine tuberculosis is another infectious form of TB caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (Tortora, Funke, and Case 690). M. bovis is the etiologic agent of TB in cows and rarely in humans. Both cows and humans can serve as reservoirs. Humans can also be infected with M. bovis by the consumption of unpasteurized milk. This route of transmission can lead to the development of extrapulmonary TB, exemplified in history by bone infections that led to hunched backs (Todar). M. bovis accounts for only 1% of TB cases in humans in the United States. Another bacterium associated with TB that forms in patients with the late stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is Mycobacterium avium-intrecellulare (Tortora, Funke, and Case 690). According to Todar, M. tuberculosis is a fairly large nonmotile rod-shaped bacterium distantly related to the Actinomycetes. The rods are 2-4 micrometers in length and 0.2-0.5 um in width. Many non-pathogenic mycobacteria are components of the normal flora of humans, found most often in dry and oily locations. M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe. For this reason, in the classic case of tuberculosis, MTB complexes are always found in the well-aerated upper lobes of the lungs. The bacterium is a facultative intracellular parasite, usually of macrophages, and has a slow generation time, 15-20 hours, and a physiological characteristic that may contribute to its virulence. Todar also states that the cell wall structure of M. tuberculosis deserves special attention because it is unique among procaryotes, and it is a major determinant of virulence for the bacterium. The cell wall complex contains peptidoglycan, but otherwise it is composed of complex lipids. Over 60% of the mycobacterial cell wall is lipid. The lipid fraction of MTBs cell wall consists of three major components, mycolic acids, cord factor, and wax-D. Mycolic acids are unique alpha-branched lipids found in cell  walls of Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium. They make up 50% of the dry weight of the mycobacterial cell envelope. Mycolic acids are strong hydrophobic molecules that form a lipid shell around the organism and affect permeability properties at the cell surface. Mycolic Acids are thought to be a significant determinant of virulence in MTB. Probably, they prevent attack of the mycobacteria by cationic proteins, lysozyme, and oxygen radicals in the phagocytic granule. They also protect extracellular mycobacteria from complement deposition in serum (Todar). TB has many structural and physiological properties that have been recognized for their contribution to mycobacterial virulence and pathology (Todar). According to Tortora, Funke, and Case, an important factor in the pathogenicity of the mycobacteria, rod-shaped bacteria with waxy outer coats (NIAID), probably is that the mycolic acids of the cell wall strongly stimulate an inflammatory response in the host. In the initial stage there are no symptoms of the disease but the infection is present when tubercle bacilli reach the aveoli of the lung and are ingested by macrophages and also some evade ingestion, and therefore, survive. In stage two, the tubercle bacilli multiply in the macrophages causing a chemotactic response that brings additional macrophages and other defensive cells to the area forming a surrounding layer and in turn an early tubercle. The surrounding macrophages are not successful in destroying bacteria but release enzymes and cytokines that cause lung damaging inflammation. During stage three, symptoms of the disease appear as many macrophages die, releasing tubercle bacilli and forming a caseous center in then tubercle. Many of the tubercle will remain dormant and serve as a basis for later reactivation of the disease. The disease may be arrested at this stage, and lesions become calcified. In stage four of infection, symptoms of the disease appear in some patients as a mature tubercle is formed. As the disease progresses the caseous center enlarges in a process called liquefaction. When the caseous center enlarges, an air-filled tuberculous cavity is formed in which the aerobic bacilli multiply outside of the macrophages. In stage five, liquefaction continues until the tubercle ruptures, which allows bacilli to spill into a bronchiole and then disseminate throughout the lungs and into the circulatory and lymphatic systems. These five stages are how the disease progresses when the defenses of the body fail. In most healthy individuals,  the infection is arrested, and fatal TB does not develop (Tortora, Funke, and Case 689).

Canada Health Act Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Undermining of the Canada Health Act Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past, Canada’s government-funded, universally accessible, health care system has been praised and admired both at home and abroad as one of the finest in the world. A great source of pride and comfort for many Canadians is that it is based on five fundamental principles. Principles that are a reflection of the values held by Canadian citizens since the formation of Medicare in 1966. These principles were reinforced in the Canada Health Act, (CHA), of 1984 and state that the Canadian system is universal, accessible, portable, comprehensive and non-profit. With increasing concerns of debts and deficits, Canada’s publicly funded health care system has recently become the target of fiscal attack. Efforts to reform and restructure the system have produced few results. Currently, some governments throughout the country are looking towards a more radical approach. An approach that would see not only the reform and restructuring of the method of operation of the current system, but that would change the system entirely. The proposed idea? In Alberta, it is to increase the role of the private sector in the current system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On December 29th, 1999, Nancy MacBeth leader of the Alberta liberal party was cited in the Edmonton Journal as saying: â€Å" There’s ‘ample evidence’ that the Alberta government’s plan to expand the role of private health-care will contravene the Canada Health Act.† This is the strongest argument against privatization. It reflects the fears of many Albertans and Canadians; the fear that a two-tier system similar to that of the United States will develop. The fear that the system which was built upon values reflected in five principles will be eroded and replaced and that they will be the ones left to suffer the consequences. Privatization of health care would undermine the principles of the Canada Health Act and as such would undermine the integrity of the health care system. The evolution of Health Care  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1966 one of Canada’s most prided achievements to date was introduced to the Canadian Health Care system. Medicare was a daring and innovative concept pioneered by Canadians for Canadians. It revolutionized health care. Canadians overwhelmingly supported the new system as it reflected their values and the import they placed on universality and equal access to health. ... ... accommodating the needs of a changing population, while maintaining the fundamental principles of the Canada Health Act. References Alberta Association of Registered Nurses. (1995). Position Statement on Privatization. Edmonton: Author. Armstrong, P., & Armstrong, H. (1996). Wasting Away: The Undermining of Canadian Health Care. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Armstrong & Fegan. (1998). Universal Health Care. New York: New York Press.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Canadian Nurses Association. (1997). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Ottawa: Author. Dirnfeld, V. (1996). The benefits of privatization. Canadian Medical Association,155 (4), 407-410. Gordon, M., Mintz, J., & Chen, D. (1998). Funding Canada’s health care system: A tax based alternative to privatization. Canadian Medical Association, 159 (5), 493-496. National Advisory Council on Aging. (1997). The NACA position on the privatization of health care. Ottawa: Author. Taft, K. (1997). Shredding the Public Interest: Ralph Klein and 25 Years of One-Party Government. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press and Parkland Institute. Wilson, D. (1995). Myths and facts about paying privately for health care. AARN,51(10), 9-10.

Search & Seizure, Open Fields Doctrine

MEMORANDUM ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS STATEMENT OF FACTS Owyhee County is located in the south west corner of Idaho. The Owyhee Mountains fill the west portion of Owyhee County. Mud Flat Field and Marmaduke Spring are located in the Owyhee Mountains, in the west central portion of Owyhee County, south of South Mountain and north of Juniper Mountain. The Mud Flat Field is approximately two miles long from North to South. The south end of the Mud Flat Field borders the Mud Flat road. Over this road one can travel to Jordan Valley, Oregon, from Grandview, Idaho.From the Mud Flat road, a person enters the Mud Flat through the locked gate or through another, unlocked, gate. The unlocked gate is approximately 25 yards east of the locked gate. In July 1995, a number of persons, including *** Bennett, had keys to the locked gate. Near the south end of the field is a set of corrals. Defendant *** Tobias’ cabin is approximately a quarter mile east of the corrals. The cabin is not visible from the corrals. In the summer of 1995 the defendants Tobias and *** Black, were running cattle in the Mud Flat field and adjoining fields.Marmaduke Spring is located about a quarter mile west of the northwest end of the Mud Flat Field, over a saddle from the field. On July 21, 1995, an Idaho Air National Guard helicopter pilot, *** Brummett, flew a mission over the Owyhee Mountains. While flying over Marmaduke Spring, Brummett saw a number of dead cows. Brummett initially observed the cows from the air; he then landed his helicopter and inspected the cows on foot. Brummett found *** Bennett’s truck parked near the north end of the Mud Flat Field. The truck was approximately a quarter mile east and over a ridge from the dead cows and the spring. Bennett was not at his truck.Brummett left a note on *** Bennett’s truck after he inspected the cows. The note identified the location of the massacred cows. When Bennett came back to his truck and read the not e he walked over the hill to examine the cows. Because Bennett ran cattle on the ranch adjacent to and west of the Mud Flat Field, and had cattle in the area, he was afraid that the cows might have been his own. He found a number of swollen dead cows. What he saw caused him to leave and contact the Owyhee County Sheriff’s Office (OCSO). At approximately 6:00 p. m. on July 21, 1995 Bennett returned to the Mud Flat Field and Marmaduke Spring.He brought the Owyhee County Sheriff, Tim Nettleton, Owyhee County Sheriff’s Deputy Jim Bish and an Idaho Deputy Brand Inspector, Chuck Hall, with him. They got onto the Mud Flat field through the locked gate using Bennett’s key. They inspected the dead cows. The cattle had been shot through the head and were lying on their left sides or were on their bellies. Each had at least one ear removed and each had an 11 inch by 11 inch (approximate) patch of hide missing from the right shoulder; The significance of the removal of the ear is that a numbered (â€Å"Bangs†) tag is attached to the ear.The owner of cattle can be determined by the tag even if the brand is destroyed Some of the cows had bled. The cows were tentatively identified as *** King’s. Gordon King’s brand is a â€Å"Heart-K† on the right shoulder; exactly where the hide had been cut from the cows. The cows appeared to have had calves nurse them after they had been killed. After inspecting the cows, Bennett, Nettleton and Hall went to the Mud Flat Corral and found Tobias. They told him what they were doing and asked him whether he had seen anyone in the area during the past few days.He denied that he had. The following day, July 22, 1995, law enforcement officers, lab technicians and citizens returned to the Marmaduke Spring area to try to figure out what happened. During that day *** King found a Charolais cross calf in the Mud Flat Field. This calf had an open wound on its right shoulder from where a â€Å"Heart-Kà ¢â‚¬  brand had been skinned. The calf had a new â€Å"T-cross† brand on its left hip. Officers and cowboys found 12 skinned and rebranded calves during the next few days. Two calves were found in Tobias’ and Black’s Mud Flat Field.The remainder of the calves were found in an allotment Tobias and Black shared with their neighbors, the Colletts. Each calf had a chunk of hide missing from its right shoulder, some had new ear marks, and each had a new â€Å"T-cross† brand. Skin, hair and blood samples were taken from the skinned calves and the dead cows. The samples were sent to the Stormont Laboratory for DNA testing. The tests established that at least eight of the calves came from eight of the dead cows. An Idaho brand officer, Chuck Hall, was near the corrals and saw saddles in the back of Tobias’ pickup.On one saddle’s horn wrap Hall saw what appeared to be a fairly fresh spot of blood pressed into the wrap. Hall is an experienced cowboy and his opinion was that blood may have come from one of the cows or calves. Hall cut a small piece of leather containing the spot of blood off the saddlehorn wrap. Later, *** Black claimed that saddle. When asked at the preliminary hearing why he took the piece of leather, Hall said, â€Å"I saw it as evidence, and if I hadn’t taken it at that time I may not have ever seen it again. † (PH, p. 572. ) The leather and blood were sent to the Stormont lab.The lab determined that the spot was blood and that it came from one of the stolen calves. On July 21, when Nettleton first saw the dead cows and told Tobias about them, he saw the blood on Tobias’ pants. The following day Tobias was wearing the same pants. Nettleton decided, based on his experience as a cowboy and a hunter, that the blood pattern on the pants was unusual. It was not the pattern of blood as it usually appears on the pants of a cowboy, or a hunter. Blood on the pants of a hunter or cowboy will be wi ped on from wiping off either hands or knives or as specks from the spray of cut small arteries.The blood in this instance was smeared and soaked onto the thigh area of the pants and had dripped down onto the cuff area. Nettleton believed that the blood may have come from the cows and calves. He believed that the blood pattern came from Tobias’ having laid the skinned patches of cow and/or calf hide on his pants. The patches of hide from the cows and calves were never recovered. Near the end of the day of July 22, Nettleton approached Tobias and told him that he had probable cause, but did not want, to arrest him. Nettleton asked Tobias for his pants.Tobias asked Sheriff Nettleton what would happen if he did not give Sheriff Nettleton the pants and Nettleton replied that he would have to arrest him. Tobias consented to give up the pants. The pants were sent to the Stormont lab and DNA tests were performed on them. The tests showed that blood on the pants matched that from one of the dead cows. DEFENSE ARGUMENTS The arguments are set out in Tobias’ â€Å"Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Pretrial Motions. † I. THE THRESHOLD MATTER BECAUSE TOBIAS HAS MADE NO SHOWING THAT HIS UNITED STATES CONSTITUTIONAL FOURTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS HAVE BEEN VIOLATED, THIS COURT SHOULD NOT CONSIDER HIS ARGUMENTS.As a threshold matter, this court must determine whether Tobias has standing to assert a violation of the 4th Amendment to the United States Constitution. In order to show standing Tobias must show that the search or seizure violated his own privacy, liberty or possessor interests. Rakas v. Illinois 439 U. S. 128, nt. 1, (1978); Smith v. Maryland, 442 U. S. 736, 740, 99 S. Ct. 2577, 2580, 61 L. Ed. 2d 220 (1979). Tobias has an obligation to demonstrate, by affidavit or testimony, that any of his privacy, liberty or possessor interests have been violated. Tobias has not shown either a subjective or objective expectation of privacy.The facts demon strate that Tobias and Black had little, if any, expectation of privacy in the Marmaduke Spring kill site, in the Mud Flat field, in the Mud Flat field corrals, in the open back of Tobias’ pickup truck, in the federal allotment that Tobias and Black shared with the Colletts, in the dead cows found near Marmaduke Spring, in King’s calf found in the Mud Flat field, in the running irons found at the Mud Flat field corrals, in the running irons and blood spot found on the saddle which was located in the open back of Tobias’ pickup truck at the Mud Flat field corrals, in the bloody pants that Tobias was wearing, in the calves found on the federal allotment that Tobias and Black shared with the Colletts, the Marmaduke Spring, the Mud Flat corral, the Mud Flat Field, or his pickup. Tobias has shown no ownership interest Marmaduke Spring. He has shown no violated privacy interest in the Mud Flat Field, or the Collett/Tobias/Black allotment. Tobias has not claimed an own ership interest in the evidence seized from the deceased cows, the calves or the saddle leather.Therefore, the court should not consider his arguments nor grant his motion to suppress regarding this evidence. II. THE MUD FLAT CORRAL SEARCH ARGUMENT THE MUD FLAT CORRALS WERE OUTSIDE THE AREA OF FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTION BECAUSE TOBIAS HAD NO REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IN THEM. The state will first analyze Tobias’ reasonable expectation of privacy in the corral area. The analysis of his interest in the Mud Flat field, the federal allotment that Tobias shared with the Colletts, and the Marmaduke Spring kill site, will be substantially the same. If the court finds that Tobias had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the corral area, then it should find that he had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the other areas.In order to determine if the Fourth Amendment applies, the court has to determine if the person objecting to the search or seizure has a reasonable exp ectation of privacy in the place searched or the thing seized (because if there is no reasonable expectation of privacy violated there is no search or seizure), if there was a search or seizure, if the state was involved, and, finally, if an exception applies. Should this court consider Tobias’ search and seizure claims it should consider that the facts show diminished and missing subjective and objective expectations of privacy. The Fourth Amendment prohibits only those searches and seizures that are â€Å"unreasonable. While the appellate courts presume that warrantless searches are unreasonable, the state rebuts this presumption when it demonstrates, by a preponderance of the evidence based on the totality of the circumstances, that the search was reasonable. The state can also rebut the presumption when it shows that the search came under one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement. In other words Tobias must show that he had a reasonable expectation of privacy whic h was violated. A. Open Fields The Fourth Amendment â€Å"protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. † Katz, 389 U. S. at 351.The person must have an actual, or subjective, expectation of privacy, and the expectation must be one that society will recognize as reasonable. Katz, 389 U. S. at 361. Federal courts have consistently held that there is no constitutionally protected privacy interest in the area outside of the curtilage a home. In Hester v. United States, 265 U. S. 57 (1924), federal agents entered onto Hester’s lands looking for, and finding, his illegal still. The court held that the Fourth Amendment did not protect open fields. The Court reiterated that holding in Oliver v. United States, 466 U. S. 170 (1984), and United States v. Dunn, 480 U. S. 294 (1987).In Oliver, the officers acted on anonymous tips, ignored â€Å"no trespassing† signs, a nd found secluded marijuana fields on private land. The Supreme Court again held that open fields do not provide the setting for those intimate activities that the Fourth Amendment is intended to shelter from government interference or surveillance. Therefore, there is no reasonable expectation of privacy, even though the police are trespassers in the unprotected areas. In Dunn narcotics officers trespassed onto Dunn’s farm. They climbed over fences and crossed open fields. They avoided the house but went to the barn and other outlying structures. They crossed over more fences and looked inside, but did not go inside, the barn.The Supreme Court said there was no Fourth Amendment protection in the area where the trespass occurred. The Court discussed curtilage concepts and factors such as distance from the residence, enclosures surrounding the residence, the uses to which the area was being put, and owner’s efforts at concealment. It then ruled that the open fields doct rine applied. Although the Idaho appellate courts have found the federal definition of curtilage unduly restrictive, they nevertheless analyze curtilage similarly. In State v. Kelly, 106 Idaho 268 (Ct. App. 1984) and State v. Young, 107 Idaho 671 (Ct. App. 1984), the appellants asked the court to examine Oliver‘s effect on Katz and Hester. The court of appeals declined to do so.The court did not agree with the appellants that the evidence should have been suppressed. The court also examined the federal cases in relation to Idaho’s constitutional law. It decided the cases by determining that the defendants had exhibited no reasonable expectation of privacy. In Kelly, the court commented that the officers seized the marijuana after going over the defendant’s insubstantial barbed wire fence. The court also noted there was no evidence of â€Å"no trespassing† signs. In Young, the court said that while the officers had initially encountered a gate, a fence and â€Å"no trespassing† signs, they had walked around them to an area where there were no signs, gates or fences.The officers then entered Young’s land and saw the marijuana. Tobias, in his brief, implies that under no â€Å"stretch of the imagination† can the search at the Mud Flat corrals be justified. He suggests that the Mud Flat corrals are within the curtilage of his cabin and are immediately adjacent to his cabin. (Deft’s Mem. , p. 7. ) To support the argument, he cites a number of other state courts as having held that corrals â€Å"are within the constitutionally protected ‘curtilage’ of a farmhouse. † (Deft’s Mem. , p. 8. ) To suggest that corrals are by definition within the curtilege of a house is to expand the definition of curtilage beyond Idaho law.Curtilage: encompasses the area, including domestic buildings, immediately adjacent to a home which a reasonable person may expect to remain private even though it is acc essible to the public. State v. Cada, supra; State v. Clark, 124 Idaho 308 (Ct. App. 1993); State v. Rigoulot, 123 Idaho 267 (Ct. App. 1992), emphasis added. It is clear from the photographs and from the preliminary hearing testimony that the corrals are not †immediately adjacent to a home. † Clearly, the corrals are not located within â€Å"a small piece of land† around the cabin. (See attached photograph. ) Tobias’ cabin is concealed from the corrals. There is a tree-covered ridge isolating the cabin from the corrals.Tobias’ cabin sits below the ridge. His cabin is approximately a quarter mile from the corrals. The corrals are not part of a barnyard immediately adjacent to a home. Their association with the cabin is that they are along the road leading to the cabin. The road ends and the path to the cabin begins, near the corrals. While the corrals are not clearly visible from the Mud Flat Road, they are easily seen from the road that goes through the Mud Flat field and on to Bennett’s ranch. There are no special fences that set the corrals and the cabin apart from the rest of the Mud Flat field. The corrals are within sight of, and on the edge of, the Mud Flat field.The corrals are presumably used for the livestock within the Mud Flat field. As can be seen in the attached photograph, many paths lead to the corrals. Both in use and location, the corrals are more closely associated with the Mud Flat field than with Tobias’ cabin. It is fair to characterize the corrals as outside the area that â€Å"a reasonable person may expect to remain private,† therefore outside the area included in the cabin’s curtilage, and therefore outside the area of Fourth Amendment protection. B. Plain View However, if the court includes the Mud Flat corrals within the curtilage of Tobias’ cabin, that does not mean that the corrals are protected by the Fourth Amendment.In Rigoulot the court concluded that observati ons made by persons â€Å"restricting their movements to places ordinary visitors could be expected to go were not protected by the Fourth Amendment. † Rigoulot at 272. The Mud Flat corrals are located near the south end of the Mud Flat Field. They are approximately one-half mile north of the Mud Flat Road, out of sight, to the west, and over a ridge (or around a draw) from Tobias’ cabin. A person driving along Mud Flat Road cannot see either the Mud Flat Corrals or Tobias’ cabin. A person who enters the main gate at the Mud Flat Field follows a dirt road north to where it splits. One fork continues in a north, north-west direction. This fork continues off Tobias’ property and onto Bennett’s property.The other fork continues north for a way then t curves east around a hill toward the corrals. This fork ends just beyond the corrals. In order to get to Tobias’ cabin, a person has to travel along the road to the corrals, then the remainder of t he way on foot. The state’s position is that if the corrals are included within the cabin’s curtilage , then they are in an area that visitors would normally go. These visitors include police officers coming onto the property to â€Å"conduct an investigation or for some other legitimate purpose. † Id. In summary, because the officers were not in a place protected by the Fourth Amendment, their search was not improper. III. THE MUD FLAT FIELD SEARCH ARGUMENTTOBIAS HAD NO REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IN THE MUD FLAT FIELD BECAUSE THE FIELD IS OUTSIDE THE AREA OF FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTION. The governing law is set out above under the argument regarding Tobias’ expectation of privacy in the Mud Flat Field corrals. On July 22, after the officers were finished or nearly finished gathering evidence from King’s dead cows, Gil King was heading away from the Marmaduke Spring area. He was going to load his motorcycle into a truck and leave. As he was leaving and while near Bennett’s truck near the Johnson Reservoir, he saw the Charolais calf that â€Å"had a big ol’ patch of hide missing off its side. † (PH, p. 389. The calf was herded to the Mud Flat Field corrals and examined. This calf had skin removed off its right shoulder, where a â€Å"Heart-K† brand had been, and a new â€Å"T-cross† brand on its left hip. Tobias claimed the calf. Based on the above law and arguments regarding Tobias’ expectation of privacy in the Mud Flat Field corrals, and the fact there should be a progressively decreasing reasonable expectation of privacy as one gets further away from the cabin, the state respectfully requests that this court deny the defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence gathered in the Mud Flat Field (the Charolais calf). IV. THE MARMADUKE SPRING KILL SITE SEARCH ARGUMENTTOBIAS HAD NO REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IN THE MARMADUKE SPRING BECAUSE IT IS OUTSIDE THE AREA OF FO URTH AMENDMENT PROTECTION. The governing law is set out above under the argument regarding Tobias’ expectation of privacy in the Mud Flat Field corrals. Considering the facts, and the above stated law and argument, the state respectfully requests that this court deny the defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence gathered at the Marmaduke Spring. V. THE COLLETT/TOBIAS & BLACK ALLOTMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT TOBIAS HAD NO REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IN THE COLLETT/TOBIAS ALLOTMENT BECAUSE THE ALLOTMENT IS OUTSIDE THE AREA OF FOURTH AMENDMENT PROTECTION.The law governing this area of search and seizure is set out above in the argument regarding the Mud Flat corrals search. On July 23rd, a number of cowboys and officers road through the Collett/Tobias allotment and found 11 calves. The calves were found in the area of the allotment furthest from Tobias’ cabin. The calves had new â€Å"T cross† brands, new ear marks and had a chunk of hide skinned off their right shoulders. Subsequent DNA tests showed that most of the calves came from the dead cows. The Collett/Tobias allotment is a section of land lying adjacent to and east of the Mud Flat field. The allotment is also adjacent to and east of Collett’s private land. It is adjacent to and south of land on which the Kings ran cattle.In July 1995 two ranchers (Tobias and the Collett family) leased the grazing rights from the Bureau of Land Management; on July 22nd both had cattle on the land. Each would ride the allotment to check their cattle. There were fences to keep the cattle in, there were no â€Å"no trespassing† signs. There is no indication that intimate family activities such as those protected by curtilage concepts occurred on the land. Because Tobias had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the Collett/Tobias allotment, the state respectfully requests that this court deny the defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence regarding the calves found in the allotment. VI.THE CONSENT TO SEARCH ARGUMENT TOBIAS HAD NO REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY IN THE MUD FLAT CORRAL, THE MUD FLAT FIELD, MARMADUKE SPRING OR THE FEDERAL ALLOTMENT BECAUSE THE OFFICERS HAD EITHER REAL OR APPARENT PERMISSION TO BE ON THE PROPERTIES. The officers had reason to believe that either Bennett or Tobias had consented to their presence at the Mud Flat corrals search and that either Bennett or Tobias had the authority to consent to their presence. Consent must be shown to be free and voluntary and not a result of duress or coercion, either direct or implied. State v. Aitken, 121 Idaho 783 (Ct. App. 1992), citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U. S. 18 (1973): As long as the police officer reasonably believes that the person giving consent to a warrantless search has the authority to consent, the search is valid and the defendant’s right against unreasonable searches and seizures pursuant to the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and art. 1,  § 17 of the Idaho Constitution is not violated, even though the consenter has no actual authority to consent. State v. McCaughey, 127 Idaho 669, 904 P. 2d 939, (1995). The state must show the voluntariness of consent by a preponderance of the evidence; and the voluntariness of consent is to be determined in light of all of the circumstances. State v. Aitken, supra; State v. Rusho, 110 Idaho 556 (Ct. App. 1986). A number of people had access to the Mud Flat field and the Mud Flat corrals. Tobias allowed local people access to his fields. Tobias provided an access key to Bennett.Bennett notified OCSO of the dead cows and brought officers to look at the cows. Bennett used his key to unlock the gate on July 21st when he brought officers to look at the cows. Bennett gave the officers his key so that they could return to the field the following day. Tobias talked to state officers at his corrals and made no objection to their presence on July 21st. He knew on July 21st that state of ficers were going to return July 22nd and made no objection. Tobias was present at the Marmaduke Spring when officers returned July 22nd and he watched the work that they were doing and he did not object to their presence. Tobias watched them while they gathered evidence from the cows.He was present when the Charolais calf was found in the Mud Flat field and knew that the calf was going to be driven to the Mud Flat field corrals. He was present at the corrals when the officers were looking at the Charolais calf and when they seized the piece of leather from the saddle in his pickup. Officers talked to Tobias at Marmaduke Spring and at the Mud Flat corrals. Tobias only questioned the officers about their authority to seize his pants. Officers only seized his pants after gathering evidence from the dead cows, after finding the Charolais calf with a patch of hide missing from its shoulder and with new ear marks and a new â€Å"T cross† brand, which Tobias claimed as his own.Tobi as & Black may not have been present when the calves were found in the Collett/Tobias & Black allotment. Tobias and Black had a diminished expectation of privacy as they shared the allotment with the Colletts and the Colletts allowed cowboys and state officers to search the allotment. At no time did Tobias, the alleged owner of the property, object to the officers’ presence and the only time he questioned their actions was when they seized his pants. Considering all of the circumstances, including custom in the area, it is fair to say that the officers thought they had Tobias’ permission to be at the corrals when he knew that they were going to be there, he accompanied them, and expressed absolutely no disapproval to their presence.The law of consent is clear that, â€Å"[w}here two persons have equal rights to the use or occupation of premises, either may give consent to a search, and the evidence thus disclosed can be used against either. † State v. Huskey, 10 6 Idaho 91 (Ct. App. 1984), citing United States v. Sferas, 210 F. 2d 69, 74 (7th Cir. ). The co-tenants, the Colletts, could give the officers permission to search the allotment for King’s calves. The officers searched the allotment with the permission of the co-tenants, the Colletts. The state respectfully requests that this court deny the defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence regarding the calves found in the allotment. VII.THE MUD FLAT CORRAL SEIZURES ARGUMENT IT WAS PERMISSIBLE FOR HALL TO SEIZE THE LEATHER CONTAINING THE BLOOD SPOT AND THE CINCH RINGS (RUNNING IRONS) THAT HE SAW ON BLACK’S SADDLE IN THE OPEN BACK OF TOBIAS’ PICKUP TRUCK Assuming, without conceding, that Tobias has standing to challenge the seizure from Tobias’ pickup truck, the state’s position is that Hall could seize the thumbnail sized piece of leather and the running irons under either the plain view doctrine or the moving target doctrine. Hall seized the cin ch rings and piece of leather because he was investigating the killing of the cows and rebranding of the calf and believed that both items were evidence.On Saturday, July 22, 1995, while the officers were at the Mud Flat corrals trying to figure out the situation with the Charolais calf, Hall observed a saddle in the uncovered back of Tobias’ pickup truck. The saddle belonged to *** Black. Black was not present at the corrals. On the saddle there were two blackened cinch rings and a spot of blood on a piece of leather. Anyone present could have looked into the back of the pickup and seen the saddle, the cinch rings and the blood spot. The overall circumstances indicated that large chunks of hide were cut from cows and at least one calf. The calves were alive when their hide was cut off their shoulders. It is reasonable to infer that the calf would have bled.Chuck Hall, from the state Brand Inspector’s office and an experienced cowboy, observed Black’s saddle and saw the blood spot on the saddle horn wrap. It was apparent to Hall that the blood spot was unusual both in the location and how it was pressed into the wrap. Hall cut the thumbnail sized piece of leather off the saddle horn wrap. Hall seized the rings. It was apparent to Hall that the cinch rings had illegally been used as running irons. A. The Plain View Doctrine. Hall’s seizure of evidence from the pickup truck was permissible under the plain view doctrine. The court in State v. Clark, 124, Idaho 308, 311 (Ct. App. 1993), (citing Horton v. California, 496 U. S. 28 (1990)), set out the standard: (1)The officer must lawfully make an initial intrusion or otherwise properly be in a position to observe a particular area, and (2) it must be immediately apparent that the items observed are evidence of a crime or otherwise subject to seizure. The â€Å"immediately apparent† requirement is â€Å"met when an officer has probable cause to believe that the item in question is associated with criminal activity. † State v. Claiborne, 120 Idaho 581 (1991), citing Texas v. Brown, 460 U. S. 730 (1983). An officer is allowed to â€Å"draw reasonable inferences based on his training and experience. † State v. Tamez, 116 Idaho 945 (Ct. App. 1989). Multiple officers at a scene may make reasonable inferences based on their collective knowledge. United States v.Newton, 788 F. 2d 1392 (8th Cir. 1986). Here, Hall was properly on the property either because of actual or implied consent, or because he was in an â€Å"open view† area at the corrals. When Hall saw the blood spot on the saddle horn he recognized it to be evidence. (PH, p. 572. ) He then seized a small section by cutting it off the saddle horn. Because the cinch rings and the blood spot were open to public view and because Hall had probable cause to believe that they were contraband and prima facie evidence of a crime, the state respectfully requests that this court deny the defendantà ¢â‚¬â„¢s motion to suppress these items. B. The Moving Target DoctrineFurther supporting Hall’s decision to seize the cinch rings and the leather piece is the fact that they were located in a motor vehicle: The guaranty of freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures by the Fourth Amendment [recognizes] a necessary difference between a search of a store, dwelling house or other structure†¦ and a search of a ship, motor boat, wagon or automobile†¦ [since] it is not practicable to secure a warrant because the vehicle can be quickly moved out of the locality or jurisdiction in which the warrant must be sought. Carroll v. United States, 267 U. S. 132, 152 (1925). The United States Supreme Court explained this doctrine in Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U. S. 2, 52 (1970): For constitutional purposes, we see no difference between, on the one hand, seizing and holding a car before presenting the probable cause issue to a magistrate and on the other hand carrying out the immed iate search without a warrant. Given probable cause to search, either course is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. When Hall seized the running irons, he believed they had been used as running irons to draw on brands. He knew that it was illegal to possess running irons and, as such, they were contraband. It appeared that someone had drawn the â€Å"T-cross† brand on the Charolais calf with a running iron. He also knew that someone had killed 11 cows and that someone had cut a patch of hide off their right shoulders.He knew that someone had cut a patch of hide off the Charolais calf’s right shoulder and that someone had changed its ear mark by cutting the ear. From his experiences as a cowboy he knew that the cows and calf would have bled. He knew from his experience as a cowboy that the blood on the saddle wrap was unusual in the location and in the manner that it was pressed into the wrap. He recognized the blood as evidence and was afraid that he would not see i t again if he did not seize it then. The seizure of the blood spot from the saddle horn wrap is similar to the seizure that occurred in Cardwell v. Lewis, 417 U. S. 583 (1974). In Cardwell, officers investigating a murder examined a tire and took paint scrapings from the defendant’s car. The car was located in a public parking lot.In the court’s opinion the officers did not infringe on any reasonable expectation of privacy. A similar case is New York v. Class, where an officer reached into a motor vehicle to move papers on the dashboard. The papers were covering a VIN. When the officer moved the papers he saw and seized a gun. The court upheld the search as the defendant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the VIN, the officer had a right to see the VIN, therefore, he had a right to move the papers. In United States v. Ferri, 778 F. 2d 985 (3rd Cir. 1985), the court held that a person had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his shoes (and their sole s).The above cases are based on the Katz reasoning that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to the exteriors or interiors of items open to the public view. Because the cinch rings and the blood spot were located within a mobile vehicle and because Hall had probable cause to believe that they were contraband and evidence of a crime, the state respectfully requests that this court deny the defendant’s motion to suppress these items. CONCLUSION For the above stated reasons the state respectfully requests that this court deny Tobias’ motion to suppress. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The access to *** Bennett’s ranch is by a road that goes through the Mud Flat Field.The Bennett family has used the road through the Mud Flat Field to get to their property to the north and west since at least 1948 when Mud Flat was owned by Elmer Johnston. Since then the property has been o wned by *** Steiner, *** Steiner and *** Tobias. (see Preliminary Hearing (PH) Tr. , p. 12. ) [ 2 ]. Near a water hole, *** King’s son, *** King, had fed potato chips to one of the cows on July 13, 1995. [ 3 ]. The â€Å"T-cross† brand was the registered brand of Tobias’ partner, *** Black. Tobias has two brands registered in Idaho, one is a â€Å"46,† the other is an â€Å"‘F’ hanging ‘J. ’† [ 4 ]. Other Tobias and Black cow/calf pairs were in the fields where the newly branded â€Å"T-cross† calves with the chunks of hide missing were found.The cows were branded with Tobias’ â€Å"46,† their calves were branded with Black’s â€Å"T-cross. † [ 5 ]. The cows’ ears were never found. [ 6 ]. The court in State v. Cada, 129 Idaho 224 (Ct. App. 1996), established that Idaho will not follow the Dunn analysis regarding enclosure and visibility to passersby. [ 7 ]. â€Å"Curtilage† refers to a small piece of land not necessarily enclosed, around a dwelling house, generally including buildings used for domestic purposes in the conduct of family affairs. Ferrel v. Allstate Insurance Co. , 106 Idaho 696 (Ct. App. 1984). [ 8 ]. Approximately one quarter mile. [ 9 ]. Approximately 2 miles from Tobias’ cabin. [ 10 ]. The brand was actually registered to his partner, *** Black. [ 11 ].This point does not even examine the question of whether one can have a reasonable expectation of privacy in someone else’s cows. [ 12 ]. The Collett/Tobias allotment is approximately five miles long and varies from approximately one mile wide to over two miles wide, so it cannot equate to a premises. [ 13 ]. Also known as the Carroll Doctrine. [ 14 ]. Idaho Code sec. 25-1903 states that, â€Å"any person who uses, or has, or keeps in his possession, any running branding iron, tool, or instrument used by him for running a brand on any livestock†¦ is guilty of grand l arceny†¦. [T]he possession of such iron or instrument is prima facie evidence of guilt. † [ 15 ]. The seizure of the pants is also similar, as both were items held out to public view.